MFA

Blogs Security Advisory

Copilot Studio SupplyChain Attack Steals OAuth Tokens via CoPhishing

Summary 

The CoPhish attack is a sophisticated phishing technique exploiting Microsoft Copilot Studio to steal OAuth tokens by tricking users into granting attackers unauthorized access to their Microsoft Entra ID accounts.

By Copilot Studio’s customizable AI agents, attackers create chatbots hosted on legitimate Microsoft domains that wrap traditional OAuth consent attacks in an authentic-looking interface, increasing the likelihood of successful deception. 

Technical Details 

The attackers often use a trial license or compromised tenant to create the agent, backdooring the authentication workflow so that, post-consent, OAuth tokens are exfiltrated via HTTP to attacker infrastructure.

Few Demo links like copilotstudio.microsoft.com add credibility, closely mimicking official Microsoft Copilot services, and victims see familiar branding and login flows.

While Microsoft has implemented consent policy updates including blocking risky permissions by default for most users significant gaps remain: unprivileged users can still approve internal apps and privileged admins retain broad consent authority.

Tokens exfiltrated by CoPhish can be used for impersonation, data theft or sending further phishing emails, often going undetected as the traffic is routed through Microsoft infrastructure. 

malicious CopilotStudio page                                                                                                                         Source: securitylabs.datadoghq.com 

Attack Flow 

Step Description 
1. Build Malicious Copilot Agent Attackers create a customized Copilot Studio chatbot, usually on a trial license within their own or a compromised Microsoft tenant, configuring it to appear as a legitimate assistant. 
2. Backdoor Authentication Workflow The agent’s “Login” topic is modified to include an HTTP request that will exfiltrate any OAuth tokens granted by users during authentication. 
3. Share Demo Link Attackers generate and distribute demo website URL (like, copilotstudio.microsoft.com) pointing to the malicious chatbot, mimicking official Copilot Studio services and passing basic domain trust checks. 
4. Victim and Trigger Consent Victims access the link, interact with the familiar interface, and are prompted to login, beginning an OAuth consent flow that requests broad Microsoft Graph permissions. 
5. Token Exfiltration After the victim consents, the agent collects the issued OAuth token and sends it via HTTP to an attacker-controlled server, often relaying through Microsoft IP addresses to avoid detection in standard traffic logs. 
6. Abuse Granted Permissions Attackers use the stolen token to impersonate the victim, accessing emails, calendars, and files or conducting further malicious actions such as sending phishing emails or stealing sensitive data. 
7. Persist and Retarget Due to policy gaps, attackers can repeat the process targeting both internal and privileged users, tailoring requested app permissions and adapting to Microsoft’s evolving security measures. 

                             Source: securitylabs.datadoghq.com 

Why It’s Effective 

  • Leverages trusted Microsoft domains and branding with realistic AI chatbot flows, bypassing phishing detection and user suspicion. 
  • Bypasses multi-factor authentication by stealing fully privileged OAuth tokens that persist until revoked. 
  • Targets both regular users and privileged admins by adapting requested permissions, making it scalable and versatile. 

Recommendations 

Here are some recommendations below 

  • Enforce strict Microsoft Entra ID consent policies to limit user approval of app permissions, especially high-risk scopes. 
  • Restrict or disable user creation and publishing of Copilot Studio agents unless explicitly authorized by admins. 
  • Monitor Entra ID audit logs and Microsoft Purview for suspicious app consent, agent creation or modifications in Copilot workflows. 
  • Apply Azure AD Conditional Access requiring MFA and device compliance for accessing Copilot Studio and related AI services. 
  • Implement tenant-level Data Loss Prevention (DLP) and sensitivity labeling 
  • Educate users on phishing risks and regularly reviewing/revoking app permissions and tokens. 

Conclusion: 
CoPhish highlights how AI-powered low-code platforms like Microsoft Copilot Studio can be exploited for advanced phishing attacks targeting identity systems.

Despite Microsoft’s improvements to consent policies, significant risks remain, requiring organizations to enforce strict consent controls, limit app creation, and monitor Entra ID logs vigilantly. As AI-driven tools grow, proactive security measures are essential to defend against these evolving hybrid threats leveraging trusted cloud services. 

References: 

Hashtags 

#Infosec #CyberSecurity #Microsoft #Copilot #Vulnerabilitymanagement # Patch Management #ThreatIntel CISO #CXO #Intrucept  

Security Advisory

Fortinet Released Security Update’s; Patched Multiple High & Medium Severity Vulnerabilities

Summary: Fortinet disclosed multiple critical security vulnerabilities impacting several of its core products, including FortiPAM, FortiSwitch Manager and FortiOS platforms and patched them.

The vulnerabilities encompass issues such as improper privilege escalation, heap-based buffer overflow, weak authentication, improper certificate validation, denial-of-service risk, and race condition flaws in authentication modules.

One of the high severity issue is a weak authentication mechanism vulnerability (CVE-2025-49201) in FortiPAM & FortiSwitch Manager, and a heap overflow flaw (CVE-2025-57740) in the SSL VPN RDP bookmark functionality.

OEM Fortinet 
Severity High 
CVSS Score 7.8 
CVEs CVE-2025-49201, CVE-2025-58325, CVE-2025-57740, CVE-2025-57741 & others 
POC Available No 
Actively Exploited No 
Exploited in Wild No 
Advisory Version 1.0 

Overview 

These vulnerabilities pose significant risks to enterprise environments, potentially allowing attackers to bypass authentication controls or execute arbitrary code within targeted systems. Users & Administrators are urged to update to the patched version. 

                Vulnerability Name CVE ID Product Affected Severity Fixed Version 
Weak Authentication Mechanism CVE-2025-49201 FortiPAM, FortiSwitch Manager  High FortiPAM 1.5.1, 1.4.3 or later / FortiSwitch Manager 7.2.5 or later 
CLI Command Functionality Bypass  CVE-2025-58325 FortiOS High FortiOS 7.6.1+, 7.4.6+, 7.2.11+, 7.0.16+ 
Heap Overflow – Remote Code Execution (FortiProxy SSL VPN Bookmarks) CVE-2025-57741 FortiProxy High FortiProxy 7.2.5+, 7.0.5+ 
Heap Overflow – Remote Code Execution (SSL VPN RDP Bookmark) CVE-2025-57740 FortiOS, FortiProxy, FortiPAM, FortiSwitch Manager. Medium FortiOS 7.4.4+ / 7.2.8+ / 7.0.15+, FortiProxy 7.4.4+ / 7.2.10+, FortiPAM 1.3.0+, FortiSwitch Manager 7.2.4+ 

Technical Summary 

Multiple critical and medium-severity vulnerabilities have been identified across several Fortinet products, including FortiOS, FortiPAM, FortiProxy, FortiAnalyzer, and FortiSwitchManager.

Other vulnerabilities could allow attackers to escalate privileges, execute unauthorized code, or bypass authentication, threatening system integrity and confidentiality.

Additional flaws may enable unauthenticated users to disrupt services, intercept network traffic, or exploit race conditions to gain improper access within centralized management and authentication platforms. As the Fortinet released the security updates, quick deploy of the patches to ensure resilience against exploitation and to protect enterprise assets. 

CVE ID Component Affected  Vulnerability Details Impact 
 CVE-2025-49201 FortiPAM, FortiSwitch Manager This flaw enables remote attackers to bypass authentication by sending specially crafted HTTP requests, allowing unauthorized code or command execution within privileged access management and switch management interfaces.  Authentication Bypass / Remote Code Execution 
 CVE-2025-57740 FortiOS, FortiProxy, FortiPAM, FortiSwitch Manager This heap-based buffer overflow in the SSL VPN RDP bookmark feature can be triggered by authenticated users through crafted bookmark data, resulting in memory corruption and possible code execution in the VPN context. Remote Code Execution / System Compromise 
CVE-2025-58325 FortiOS A CLI command functionality bypass allows attackers to execute restricted administrative commands through improper input validation, potentially escalating privileges or modifying critical system parameters. Privilege Escalation / Remote Code Execution 
CVE-2025-57741 FortiProxy This heap overflow vulnerability in FortiProxy’s SSL VPN RDP bookmarks can result in memory corruption, giving attackers a pathway to execute arbitrary code remotely during VPN session initialization. Remote Code Execution / Service Compromise 

Additionally, multiple vulnerabilities have been disclosed that enable remote authentication bypass and include other issues with significant impact potential. 

Vulnerability Name CVE ID Affected Component Severity 
 FGFM protocol allows unauthenticated reset of the connection CVE-2025-26008 FortiOS, FortiProxy, FortiPAM, FortiSwitchManager. Medium 
Heap Overflow in fgfmsd CVE-2025-50571 FortiAnalyzer/Cloud, FortiManager/Cloud. Medium 
Heap buffer overflow in websocket CVE-2025-22258 FortiOS,FortiPAM, FortiProxy, FortiSRA Medium 
Improper autorization over static files CVE-2025-54822 FortiOS, FortiProxy Medium 
Insufficient Session Expiration in SSLVPN using SAML authentication CVE-2025-25252 FortiOS Medium 
Missing authentication check in OFTP service CVE-2025-53845 FortiAnalyzer Medium 
Race condion in FortiCloud SSO SAML authentication CVE-2025-54973 FortiAnalyzer Medium 
Stack-based buffer overflow on fortitoken import feature CVE-2025-46718 FortiOS, FortiProxy Medium 

Recommendations 

Update Fortinet products to the following fixed versions as soon as possible and check the updated version from the Fortinet website 

  • FortiPAM: Upgrade to version 1.5.1 or later, or 1.4.3 or latest version 
  • FortiSwitch Manager: Upgrade to version 7.2.5 or higher 
  • FortiOS: Upgrade to versions 7.6.6+, 7.4.9+, 7.2.11+,7.0.16+ depending on the release series 
  • FortiProxy: Upgrade to 7.6.3+, 7.4.9+ and latest version 
  • FortiAnalyzer: Upgrade to 7.6.3+, 7.4.7+, 7.2.11+, 7.0.14+ latest version 

Patches are available and should be applied immediately. For environments where immediate patching is not immediately feasible, you can also follow the below recommendations : 

  • Enable multi-factor authentication (MFA) to reduce unauthorized access risk 
  • Restrict network access to management interfaces to trusted personnel only 
  • Monitor logs for unusual brute-force attempts or anomalous login activity 
  • Apply the principle of least privilege to limit access to VPN and management services 
  • Use firewalls with strict whitelisting to block external attack vectors to vulnerable services 

Conclusion: 
The recent Fortinet advisories underscore the critical importance of timely vulnerability management, particularly for products controlling privileged access and remote connectivity.

The flaws in authentication and memory management can jeopardize the security posture of enterprise environments.

Organizations should urgently apply patches, monitor for suspicious login and session activity, and implement proactive security measures to reduce exploitation risks. Proactive response and regular updates are essential to maintaining robust security against evolving threats targeting critical infrastructure. 

References: 

Hashtags 

#Infosec #CyberSecurity #Fortinet #FortiPAM #SQL #RCE #SecurityAdvisory #Vulnerabilitymanagement # PatchManagement #CISO #CXO #Intrucept  

Blogs

Service Provider for Volvo NA, ‘Miljödata’ hit by Ransomware; Critical Data exposed

Third-party supplier Miljödata, for Volvo North America,hit by ransomware disclosed a data breach that exposed the personal data of its employees . The ransomware attack happened in month of August 2025. and impacted at least 25 companies. The ransomware group DataCarry claimed responsibility for the attack on Miljödata and also published allegedly stolen data on its Tor leak site.

Ransomware attacks are increasingly targeting both enterprise of all sizes across all sectors. The attack affected Scandinavian airline SAS, Boliden and included 200 Swedish municipalities. The affected systems were mostly for HR purposes that handled medical certificates, rehabilitation matters, reporting and managing work-related injuries.

The service provider of Volvo, launched an investigation into the incident with the help of cybersecurity experts, enhanced the security of its hosted environment, and is working to prevent similar security breaches in the future.

According to the data breach notification service Have I Been Pwned (HIBP), the leaked data belongs to 870,000 accounts. Exposed data includes email addresses, names, physical addresses, phone numbers, government IDs, dates of birth, and gender.

DataCarry Ransomware Group

The DataCarry ransomware group claimed responsibility for the attack on Miljödata’s Adato system, and has Miljödata’s files available for download on its dark web-based site.

Need of the hour for Enterprise security who are soft target of ransomware attack.

  • Continuously monitor to detect breached credentials, leaked databases, and threat actor’s activites in near real-time before damage gas taken full control.
  • Assessment on cyber attack module as soon as an attack was initiated and do proper full incident review to determine how attackers infiltrated enterprise network and how data exfiltrated and if there is any existing threat.
  • Authenticate backups of data that have been stored currently and if they have been encrypted or stored offline. It is responsibility of enterprise to keep immutable backup solutions to defend against any ransomware attack that may encompass from encryption and deletion attempts by threat actors.
  • Implement threat intelligence for real time alert against any external threat that gets feeder into system . Enterprise security must Include indicators of compromise (IOCs), into company’s XDR platforms for real-time alerting .
  • Include phishing simulations and enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) across all access points.

While Volvo did not specify the exact scale of its breach, it is one of many large organizations to be caught up in the data raid. As per reports Volvo Group provided the affected individuals with 18 months of free identity protection and credit monitoring services.

Source: Volvo North America disclosed a data breach following a ransomware attack on IT provider Miljödata

Security Advisory

VoidProxy PhaaS Uses MFA Bypass, Hijacking Google & Microsoft Logins

Security Advisory

Security researchers from Okta have uncovered a stealthy and sophisticated Phishing-as-a-Service (PhaaS) framework known as VoidProxy.

This has been used to hijack Microsoft, Google and even integrated SSO accounts protected by providers like Okta. Unlike traditional phishing kits, VoidProxy employs Adversary-in-the-Middle (AiTM) tactics to capture real-time credentials, MFA tokens and bypassing several standard authentication protections.

VoidProxy’s infrastructure leverages disposable domains, Cloudflare protections, dynamic DNS which all of mimicking as legitimate enterprise setups becoming extremely difficult to detect, analyze. The attackers are running phishing campaigns with little technical effort, enabling wide-scale compromises that lead to email compromise, fraud and data breaches.

Its attack chain is built to evade modern email security, identity defenses, and analysis tools by leveraging the following:

  • CAPTCHA Filtering: Victims are first shown a CAPTCHA challenge before any phishing content loads. This helps block bots and automated security scanners.
  • Cloudflare Workers: Used to deliver customized phishing pages and smartly direct traffic to the attacker’s backend servers.
  • URL Redirection Chains: The phishing links in emails go through several redirects (often using shortened URLs) before landing on fake login pages. This helps bypass spam filters and security tools.
  • Dynamic DNS: These services let attackers quickly create domain names that point to specific IP addresses, making their infrastructure flexible and harder to track.    

Once a user enters their credentials and MFA tokens, the session is hijacked via a reverse proxy server, allowing the attacker to immediately access the legitimate account.

Here are some shortened url links

Attack Flow

StepDescription
1. DeliveryPhishing emails are sent from compromised accounts on email delivery services (like Postmarkapp or Constant Contact) increasing trust and shortening URL services for bypassing spam filters.
2. Redirecting & FilterClicking the phishing link redirects victims through several short URLs and presents a Cloudflare captcha to ensure human interaction.
3. PhishingVictims land on a fake Microsoft or Google login page using realistic subdomain patterns like “login.<phishing_domain>.<.com/.io>”. Additionally, integrated SSO accounts are redirected to additional fake SSO pages mimicking the login flows.
4. AiTM Session HijackThe backend proxy captures credentials, MFA tokens and session cookies, allowing attackers full account access.
5. ExfiltrationSession cookies and credentials are routed to the attacker’s admin panel in real-time. Integration with bots or webhooks enables instant alerts to the attackers.

Why It’s Effective

AiTM Infrastructure: Unlike static phishing kits, VoidProxy runs a live proxy in the middle of the authentication flow, stealing session tokens or mfa token immediately after login.

CAPTCHA & Cloudflare Layers: These challenges ensure only real human victims reach the phishing payload, filtering out scanners and sandboxes.

Integrated SSO Targeting: Accounts using Okta or other SSO providers are redirected to accurate second-stage phishing pages, increasing the likelihood of a full compromise.

Recommendations:

Here are some recommendations below

  • Harden the authentication by bind sessions to IP addresses (IP Session Binding) to block cookie replay attacks.
  • Block access from rarely used IP ranges or unmanaged devices.
  • Provide user awareness training to help recognize phishing links, suspicious email senders and fake login prompts.
  • Keep monitoring for any indications of suspicious activities.

Conclusion
VoidProxy’s layered architecture, real-time session hijacking and deep evasion mechanisms make it a potential threat even for environments with multi-factor authentication in place. We require a shift from traditional phishing detection toward real-time risk-based access controls, strong authenticators and persistent user education.

References:

Security Advisory

Threat Actors Exploiting Microsoft Teams to Gain Remote Access & Transfer Malware 

Security Advisory:

A new wave of social engineering attacks is exploiting Microsoft Teams, one of the most trusted enterprise collaboration platforms as a malware delivery channel.

Threat actors are impersonating IT support staff to trick employees into installing remote access tools and running malicious PowerShell scripts, enabling full compromise of victim environments. 

This campaign represents an evolution beyond traditional phishing, weaponizing corporate communication channels that employees inherently trust. Once access is established, attackers deploy multifunctional malware loaders such as DarkGate and Matanbuchus, with capabilities for credential theft, persistence, lateral movement and ransomware deployment. 

Technical Summary 

Security researchers have observed financially motivated threat groups abusing Microsoft Teams chats and calls to impersonate IT administrators. Attackers create malicious or compromised Teams accounts often using convincing display names like “IT SUPPORT ” or “Help Desk Specialist” as looking like legitimate and verified account to initiate direct conversations with employees. The social engineering process typically follows this chain 

Attack Process                                                                             Source: permiso.io 

It included the malware features 

  • Credential theft via GUI-based Windows prompts. 
  • Persistence using Scheduled Tasks (e.g. Google LLC Updater) or Registry Run keys. 
  • Encrypted C2 communications with hardcoded AES keys & IVs. 
  • Process protection via RtlSetProcessIsCritical, making malware harder to remove. 
  • Harvesting system info for reconnaissance and follow-on payloads. 

The campaigns have been linked to threat actor groups such as Water Gamayun (aka EncryptHub), known for blending social engineering, custom malware and ransomware operations. 

Element Detail 
Initial Access Direct messages/calls via Microsoft Teams impersonating IT staff 
Social Engineering Fake IT accounts with display names like “IT SUPPORT ✅” and onmicrosoft.com domains 
Malicious Tools QuickAssist, AnyDesk, PowerShell-based loaders (DarkGate, Matanbuchus) 
Persistence Scheduled Tasks (Google LLC Updater), Registry autoruns 
Payload Features Credential theft, system profiling, encrypted C2, remote execution 
Target Enterprise employees, IT professionals, developers 
Objective Credential theft, long-term access, ransomware deployment 

IOCs 

Organizations are urged to block the following indicators immediately: 

Indicator Type 
https://audiorealteak[.]com/payload/build.ps1 URL 
https://cjhsbam[.]com/payload/runner.ps1 URL 
104.21.40[.]219 IPv4 
193.5.65[.]199 IPv4 
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT; Windows NT 10.0; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/7.0.500.0 Safari/534.6 UA 
&9*zS7LY%ZN1thfI Initialization Vector 
123456789012345678901234r0hollah Encryption Key 
62088a7b-ae9f-2333-77a-6e9c921cb48e Mutex 
Help Desk Specialist  User Display Name 
IT SUPPORT User Display Name 
Marco DaSilva IT Support  User Display Name 
IT SUPPORT  User Display Name 
Help Desk User Display Name 
@cybersecurityadm.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 
@updateteamis.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 
@supportbotit.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 
@replysupport.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 
@administratoritdep.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 
@luxadmln.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 
@firewalloverview.onmicrosoft.com User Principal Name 

Remediation: 

  1. Strengthen Microsoft Teams Security 
  • Restrict external tenants and enforce strict access control on Teams. 
  • Implement anomaly detection for suspicious Teams account activity. 
  • Block installation of unauthorized remote access tools (QuickAssist, AnyDesk). 

2. Enhance Endpoint & Network Defenses 

  • Monitor PowerShell execution with EDR/XDR solutions. 
  • Detect persistence artifacts (scheduled tasks, autorun keys, rundll32 activity). 
  • Block known IoCs at DNS/firewall levels. 

 3. Employee Awareness & MFA Security 

  • Train employees to verify IT support requests through independent channels. 
  • Warn staff against installing software via unsolicited Teams messages. 
  • Enforce multi-factor authentication (MFA) for all accounts. 

Conclusion: 
By shifting malware delivery into Microsoft Teams, attackers are exploiting a platform that enterprises inherently trust. The blending of social engineering with technical abuse of PowerShell and remote access tools makes this campaign particularly dangerous, enabling attackers to infiltrate organizations without relying on traditional email phishing. 

Organizations must treat collaboration platforms as high-value attack surfaces not just communication tools. Strengthening monitoring, restricting external interactions and training employees to validate IT requests are critical to defending against this evolving threat.  

References: 

Security Advisory

WhatsApp Privacy Advisory: Protect Your Conversations 

Overview Security Advisory:

WhatsApp provides end-to-end encryption by default, ensuring that only you and your intended recipient can read messages. However, encryption alone does not guarantee complete privacy. Misconfigured or disabled privacy settings may still expose user information, media or allow unauthorized access. 

These advisory highlights the most important privacy features that should be enabled, along with a checklist for additional protections. 

Critical Privacy Features to Enable 

  1. Advanced Chat Privacy 

This feature strengthens the security of your conversations by limiting how chats and media can be shared outside WhatsApp. 

Benefits: 

  • Prevents chat exports that could expose sensitive data. 
  • Restricts unauthorized forwarding or third-party use of your conversations. 
  • Protects against data mining and AI-driven scanning, ensuring personal and business chats remain confidential. 
  • Gives you greater control over how your messages are handled beyond WhatsApp. 
  • Enabling this feature is highly recommended, especially for users discussing sensitive financial, personal, or corporate information. 
  1. End-to-End Encrypted Backups 

While chats are encrypted in transit, backups stored on Google Drive or iCloud are not encrypted by default. Activating encrypted backups ensures: 

  • Only you can access backup data, using your chosen password or encryption key. 
  • Neither WhatsApp, Google, nor Apple can read your chat history. 
  • Added protection if your cloud account is compromised. 
  1. Disappearing Messages 

This feature allows messages to auto-delete after 24 hours, 7 days, or 90 days. 

Benefits: 

  • Reduces digital footprint and limits data exposure over time. 
  • Ensure sensitive conversations do not remain accessible indefinitely. 
  • Useful for both personal privacy and business confidentiality. 

Quick Setup Checklist 

Step Action 
1 Enable Advanced Chat Privacy in all important chats 
2 Turn on End-to-End Encrypted Backup 
3 Run Privacy Checkup: review visibility and group settings 
4 Activate Disappearing Messages where appropriate 
5 Enable App/Chat Locks (biometric/PIN) 
6 Set up Two-Factor Authentication 
7 Disable Media Auto-Saving 
8 Check Linked Devices and log out extras 
9 Restrict visibility of Last Seen, Profile Photo, About, and disable Read Receipts if desired 

Recommendations 

  • Enable Advanced Chat Privacy immediately to prevent misuse of conversations. 
  • Activate encrypted backups for long-term data security. 
  • Use disappearing messages for sensitive discussions. 
  • Regularly review privacy settings and update WhatsApp to the latest version. 

Conclusion: 
Strengthening WhatsApp privacy settings is critical for protecting both personal and professional communication. Enabling key features like Advanced Chat Privacy, Encrypted Backups, and Disappearing Messages provides stronger control over data security and reduces risks of unauthorized access or misuse. 

  

Security Advisory

Zero-Day Exploitation in SonicWall Targeted by Akira Ransomware 

Summary 

A critical zero-day vulnerability is suspected in SonicWall SSL VPN appliances, which are currently being actively exploited by threat actors linked to the Akira ransomware group. These attacks began last month and exploit even fully patched devices and systems with multi-factor authentication (MFA) enabled. In many cases, attackers move quickly, encrypting victim systems within hours of gaining access. 

Detailed Observation 

The ongoing attacks targeting SonicWall SSL VPN appliances suggest the presence of a zero-day vulnerability that allows threat actors to gain unauthorized access to enterprise networks.

This exploitation may be limited to TZ and NSa-series SonicWall firewalls with SSLVPN enabled. The attack patterns indicate that the attackers may be exploiting a flaw in the VPN’s authentication or session management mechanisms which they can be able to bypass the MFA.

Security researchers also observed that the threat actors often used legitimate credentials, including recently rotated passwords, implying either credential theft or session hijacking.

These login attempts were traced back to Virtual Private Servers (VPS), a common tactic to obscure the attacker’s origin. Once threat actors on the network, they abuse the privileged accounts, then start establishing C2 and move laterally in the network, then at the last stage before deploying the ransomware they are disabling the defenses to smooth deploy.

The ransomware group suggests Akira, has been seen deploying malware and encrypting data within hours, showcasing a high level of automation and operational efficiency.

The pattern and speed of these attacks point to a well-orchestrated campaign that likely began months earlier (as early as October 2024) but surged in mid-July 2025. This level of sophistication, combined with the failure of traditional defenses, strongly supports the theory that attackers are leveraging an undisclosed vulnerability in SonicWall’s SSL VPN stack. 

Remediation: 

Until an official SonicWall patch is released, organizations should take the following immediate actions: 

  • Disable SonicWall SSL VPN if possible, especially for external access. 
  • Enforce network segmentation to limit the radius of any potential breach. 
  • Monitor access logs for suspicious login attempts (especially from VPS-hosting IP ranges). 
  • Block known malicious IPs and ASNs used in previous attacks. 
  • Rotate all VPN credentials, especially for admin or privileged users. 
  • Harden MFA configuration (though current evidence shows bypasses are possible). 
  • Enable IP reputation and botnet protection features in SonicWall firewalls. 
  • Audit all VPN user accounts, removing any inactive or unnecessary ones. 

IOCs 

Attacker IP Threat Actors used tools ASN/CIDR hosting adversary infrastructure User & Password created  
42.252.99[.]59 w.exe AS24863 – LINK-NET – 45.242.96.0/22 backupSQL (U) 
45.86.208[.]240 win.exe AS62240 – Clouvider – 45.86.208.0/22 lockadmin (U) 
77.247.126[.]239 C:\ProgramData\winrar.exe AS62240 – Clouvider – 77.247.126.0/24 Password123$ (P) 
104.238.205[.]105 C:\ProgramData\OpenSSHa.msi AS23470 – ReliableSite LLC – 104.238.204.0/22 Msnc?42da (P) 
104.238.220[.]216 C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\sshd.exe AS23470 – ReliableSite LLC – 104.238.220.0/22 VRT83g$%ce (P) 
181.215.182[.]64 C:\programdata\ssh\cloudflared.exe AS174 – COGENT-174 – 181.215.182.0/24  
193.163.194[.]7 C:\Program Files\FileZilla FTP Client\fzsftp.exe AS62240 – Clouvider – 193.163.194.0/24  
193.239.236[.]149 C:\ProgramData\1.bat AS62240 – Clouvider – 193.239.236.0/23  
194.33.45[.]155 C:\ProgramData\2.bat AS62240 – Clouvider – 194.33.45.0/24  
  • Source: huntress.com 

Conclusion: 
The exploitation of a suspected zero-day in SonicWall SSL VPN poses an immediate and critical threat to enterprise environments.

The ability of attackers to bypass authentication and deploy ransomware within hours is highly dangerous and points to a sophisticated, active campaign.

Organizations using SonicWall VPNs must take preemptive steps now, including disabling VPN access if feasible and aggressively monitoring for anomalies, until SonicWall releases a formal patch or mitigation advisory 

References: 

Security Advisory

CitrixBleed 2: Critical CVE-2025-5777 Vulnerability Under Active Exploitation with Public PoC Available

Summary ; A critical vulnerability identified as CVE-2025-5777 has been discovered in Citrix NetScaler ADC and NetScaler Gateway products configured as Gateway or AAA virtual servers.

The Citrix NetScaler is a networking gadget that delivers application access across distributed enterprise environments.

Originally developed to optimize traffic and improve the performance of web applications, NetScaler has evolved into a comprehensive solution for load balancing, SSL offloading, web application firewalling (WAF), secure remote access, and gateway functionalities such as VPN and ICA proxy for Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops.

OEM Citrix 
Severity Critical 
CVSS Score 9.3 
CVEs CVE-2025-5777 
POC Available Yes 
Actively Exploited Yes 
Exploited in Wild Yes 
Advisory Version 1.0 

Overview 

This out-of-bounds read flaw enables unauthenticated attackers to leak sensitive memory content, such as session tokens, by sending crafted HTTP POST requests. 

The vulnerability is actively exploited in the wild, with public PoC exploits and scanning tools available. Citrix has released patches, and urgent remediation is strongly recommended. 

Vulnerability Name CVE ID Product Affected Severity Fixed Version 
​ Out-of-bounds read vulnerability  CVE-2025-5777 NetScaler ADC & Gateway  Critical  14.1-43.56,   13.1-58.32, 13.1-FIPS/NDcPP 13.1 37.235, 12.1-FIPS 12.1-55.328 

Technical Summary 

CVE-2025-5777 arises from improper input validation during login requests on affected NetScaler devices. An attacker can exploit the flaw by submitting a malformed authentication request (eg. missing an equal sign in a POST login parameter). This leads the system to read uninitialized memory and leak up to 127 bytes of sensitive data. 

Attackers can extract session tokens and bypass multi-factor authentication (MFA) to hijack legitimate user sessions. 

CVE ID System Affected  Vulnerability Details Impact 
 CVE-2025-5777 NetScaler ADC & Gateway 14.1 < 14.1-43.56 13.1 < 13.1-58.32 13.1-FIPS/NDcPP < 13.1-37.235 12.1-FIPS < 12.1-55.328 EOL: 12.1, 13.0. Insufficient input validation allows attackers to trigger a memory leak via malformed authentication requests. Session hijacking, MFA bypass, unauthorized access 

Proof of Concept (PoC): 

  • Execution Flow 

Attacker submits a malformed HTTP POST to: 

POST /p/u/doAuthentication.do HTTP/1.0 

Host: <NetScaler-IP> 

Content-Length: 5 

Connection: keep-alive 

login  

(Note: the ‘login’ parameter is included without an ‘=’ or value.) * 

  • Memory Leak Trigger 

Due to insufficient input validation, the backend neither initializes nor validates the ‘login’ field. This causes up to 127 bytes of uninitialized stack memory to be included in the XML response ‘<InitialValue>’ tag potentially containing session tokens or sensitive internal data.  

    Source: horizon3 

Remediation: 

  • Immediate Action: Upgrade to the latest fixed versions:  – NetScaler ADC & Gateway 14.1-43.56 or later 
    – NetScaler ADC & Gateway 13.1-58.32 or later 
    – NetScaler ADC 13.1-FIPS/NDcPP 13.1-37.235 or later 
     – NetScaler ADC 12.1-FIPS 12.1-55.328 or later 
     – EOL versions (12.1, 13.0) must be upgraded to supported releases. 

Recommendations: 

  • Session Invalidation: After patching, terminate all active ICA and PCoIP sessions using: 
      kill icaconnection -all 
      kill pcoipConnection -all. 
  • Audit: Review authentication and session logs for suspicious activity, including repeated POST requests and session reuse across unexpected IPs. 
  • Upgrade Legacy Systems: Migrate EOL devices to supported versions as they will not receive security fixes. 

Conclusion: 
CVE-2025-5777 (CitrixBleed 2) represents a critical memory leak vulnerability that is being actively exploited, with working public exploits widely circulated.

Attackers can extract session tokens and take over sessions even with MFA in place. Shodan scans reveal over 50,000 exposed NetScaler instances, with more than 1,200 unpatched as of late June 2025 

Given its severity, public exploitation, and impact, organizations must act immediately to patch vulnerable systems, revoke active sessions, and migrate away from unsupported versions.

This vulnerability echoes the risks of the original CitrixBleed, emphasizing the importance of proactive defense in depth. 

References: 

Hashtags 

#Infosec #CyberSecurity #Critix #NetScaler #SecurityAdvisory #Vulnerabilitymanagement # Patch Management #CISO #CXO #Intrucept  

Blogs

Scattered Spider Group Target Aviation Sector; Third Party Providers to Vendors at Risk. Solutions to Improve Security Posture

Recently the Scattered Spider Hacker group or cybercriminals are targeting the airline industry at large and keen interest on aviation sector.

The Scattered Spider group relies mostly on social engineering techniques that can impersonate employees or contractors to deceive IT help desks into granting access” and frequently involves methods to bypass multifactor authentication (MFA), as per observation by FBI.

Earlier the group breached at least two major US airlines in June, bypassed security protocols by exploiting remote access tools and manipulating support staff as reported by CNN .

There is a growing cyber risk on aviation sector and how the air traffic control is managed during attack which makes subsequent aviation systems vulnerable to cyberattacks due to outdated technology in many cases.

And cyber criminals are resorting to advanced techniques by which they can halt operations via cyberattacks that have the ability to take over or invade technology systems which in turn disrupt information flow from the aircraft to pilots to the airlines’ operations center resulting in chaos and delay in flight operations.

Every operation and service delivered by airlines is supported by technology and once that is not responding ,subsequent operations are halted i.e. flight management software, air traffic control communications, baggage handling systems and in-flight entertainment platforms will fail inevitability.
Recently the Scattered Spider group was behind a big data breach potentially exposing Social Security numbers, insurance claims and health information of tens of millions of customers.

Repercussions of Data Breaches Impacting Third parties

Cybercriminals often take advantage of fragile cyber security posture linked to smaller third parties that provide services to larger, well-established enterprises or industry. In-fact many vendors dont have cybersecurity protection and proper cybersecurity awareness in place to mitigate against attacks.

Cyber attacks have evolved to become increasingly complex, making vendor risk management critical. With rise in digital transformation, cloud services and AI technology has given cyber criminals greater potential to penetrate unsecured networks and systems more then ever.

Address the Threat Landscape with Best Practices

Data breaches that originate from third-party vendors cause big fines and legal consequences are huge and affect primary organization. Along with these challenges, organizations often rely on third parties for critical services and cyber criminals take advantage of these vulnerability.

Organizations can still take steps to mitigate and defend against these attacks even as they onboard new vendors or service providers.

Let us see the emerging threats across third-party vendors:

  • Supply chain attacks by cybercriminals often target companies that supply services to many different companies (e.g. MSPs, IT) they cause great impact as IoT and other hardware devices manufactured by third parties can be infected malicious firmware .These malware can steal sensitive data. 
  • Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS)The dark web often sells kits (RaaS) and now it is combined with generative AI making attractive for cyber criminals to launch attacks. RaaS can disrupt critical services of organizations.
  • Threat from third parties Unintentional human error occur where providers misconfigure not so accurate data or data deletion happens or poor cybersecurity practices of easy passwords circulating among users. There could also be vendors with financial motives who don’t go through the same security process known as insider threat and don’t pass security test laid for regular employees.
  • Software supply chain attacks As we witnessed outsourcing third-party SaaS services and cloud technology makes it easy to target vulnerabilities in software code. This impacting hundreds of well-established organizations using the same software and same chain of malware flows.
  • Cloud vulnerabilities The provider or cloud service is responsible for securing the cloud infrastructure while the customer or vendor is responsible for securing their data and applications. A lack of proper security measures by the customer or third party can result in data breaches, data loss or supply chain attacks. Since cloud service or data center is all outsources so security lapse may happen
  • Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) is linked to State-sponsored attacks who generally target third parties to penetrate into systems over an extended period of time. For example, they might compromise a third-party network to gain lateral access to the main organization’s IT infrastructure, making it difficult to detect in time.   
  • Deepfake and social engineering attacks. Emerging AI-technology can manipulate employee or C-level executives to trick users into divulging information to execute identity fraud, phishing attacks, sign fraudulent contracts, or gain unauthorized access to restricted systems and networks. 
  • Zero-day exploits exploited by cyber criminals before they are identified by developers and third-party providers and patched. At times if patch is slow process attackers launch attacks during this delay.   

Solutions that will improve Security Posture with Intru360 from Intruceptlabs

The new business environment demands IT support for a wider range of monitoring, security and compliance requirements. This creates significant burdens on network performance and network security as more appliances need access to incoming data.

Intrucept platform (Intru360) cover overall risk, detection, prevention, correlation, investigation, and response across endpoints, users, networks, and SaaS applications, offering end-to-end visibility.

Intru360 gives security analysts and SOC managers a clear view across the organization, helping them fully understand the extent and context of an attack. It also simplifies workflows by automatically handling alerts, allowing for faster detection of both known and unknown threats.

Identify latest threats without having to purchase, implement, and oversee several solutions or find, hire, and manage a team security analyst.

Sources: https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/scattered-spider-hacking-spree-airline-sector

Security Advisory

Critical Session Management Vulnerability in Apache Roller 

Summary Security Advisory

Apache Roller, a widely used Java-based blogging platform, enabling users to create, manage, and publish blog content. It supports features like user authentication, content management, and customizable themes.

OEM Apache 
Severity Critical 
CVSS Score 10.0 
CVEs CVE-2025-24859 
Actively Exploited No 
Exploited in Wild No 
Advisory Version 1.0 

A critical security vulnerability (CVE-2025-24859) has been discovered in Apache Roller (versions 1.0.0 to 6.1.4), where old sessions are not invalidated after a password change, allowing attackers to maintain unauthorized access if they have stolen a session token. This flaw poses a significant risk of session hijacking and unauthorized access, and users are advised to upgrade to version 6.1.5 to mitigate the issue. 

Vulnerability Name CVE ID Product Affected Severity 
Insufficient Session Expiration on Password Change CVE-2025-24859 Apache Roller Critical 

Technical Summary 

The vulnerability centers on insufficient session expiration.

When a user or administrator changes a password, Apache Roller versions before 6.1.5 do not properly invalidate existing sessions.

As a result, any session tokens  before the password change remain valid.

This means that if an attacker has already compromised a user’s credentials and established a session, they can continue to access the application even after the password is updated, effectively bypassing a key security control.

This can be a big security threat, particularly in systems used by many users or administrators, where it’s important to keep sessions secure. 

CVE ID System Affected Vulnerability Details Impact 
 CVE-2025-24859  Apache Roller 1.0.0 – 6.1.4 Sessions are not invalidated after password change, allowing persistent access through old sessions if compromised.  Unauthorized Access /  Session Hijacking 

Remediation: 

  • Apply Patches Promptly: Upgrade immediately to Apache Roller version 6.1.5, which implements proper centralized session invalidation. 

Conclusion: 

CVE-2025-24859 represents a critical access control threat to Apache Roller implementations.

Although no active exploitation has been observed still now, it’s easy for attackers to misuse sessions if they gain access. Its important for organizations using Apache Roller to quickly update to version 6.1.5 to fix this problem. 

This is a critical step in maintaining the security of blog sites and protecting user data.

CVE-2025-24859 highlights the importance of robust session management in web applications.

References: 

Scroll to top